光照試驗

附下載：GJB150.7-86國軍標太陽輻射試驗標準

1. Scope 簡介

1.1 Purpose 目的

This test is conducted to determine the effects of solar radiation on equipment that may be exposed to sunshine during operation or unsheltered storage.

這個測試項目用來確定設(shè)備在日光下持續(xù)運行或存儲情況下，光照對其性能的影響。

1.2 Application 適用

This method is used when the test item is likely to be exposed to solar radiation in the open, in hot climate during its life cycle.

適用于需要曝露在陽光下或熱氣候中持續(xù)運行的部件。

1.3 Limitation 局限性

This method is not to be used to simulate the heating effects that result from enclosed or covered storage conditions.

這個項目不能用來模擬密封或包裝后存儲所引起的熱影響

2. Guidance 導(dǎo)則

2.1 Environmental Effects 環(huán)境影響

2.1.1 Heating Effects 熱影響

The heating effects of solar radiation differ from those of high air temperature alone in that the amount of heat absorbed or reflected depends on the roughness and color of the surface on which the radiation is incident. In addition to the differential expansion between dissimilar materials, changes in the intensity of solar radiation may cause components to expand or contract at different rates, which can lead to severe stresses and loss of structural integrity. Some examples of heating effects include:

由于吸收熱的能力取決于易于受光照影響物體的表面硬度和顏色，所以太陽輻射的熱效應(yīng)和周圍空氣帶來的熱效應(yīng)并不是相同的。熱傳遞存在于不同熱的物體之間，陽光密度的變化容易引起高度的壓力和結(jié)構(gòu)完整性丟失，舉例如下;

a. Jamming or loosening of moving parts.移動部件的收縮或松弛

b. Weakening of solder joints and glued parts.焊接或膠粘強度破壞

c. Change in strength and elasticity.強度與彈性破壞

d. Loss of calibration or malfunction of linkage devices.校準件準確度或連接件破壞

e. Loss of seal integrity. 密封破壞

f. Fading of colors of color-coded components. 褪色

g. Deform the parts. 部件變形

2.1.2 Actinic Effects 光化學(xué)影響

In addition to the heating effects of 2.1.1, www.ruizhirefractory.com which are caused by the infrared portion of the solar spectrum, certain degradation from solar energy may be attributable to other portions of the spectrum, particularly the ultraviolet. Since the rate at which these reactions will occur generally increases as the temperature rises, the full spectrum must be used to adequately simulate the actinic effects of solar radiation. Some examples of deterioration caused by actinic effects are:

除了2,1,1中所表述的由于陽光紅外部分所引起的熱效應(yīng)，其他部分特別是紫外線不可見光同樣能夠引起相同的熱效應(yīng)帶來的失效降級。由于隨著溫度上升，反應(yīng)的程度一般也隨之上升，所以整個光譜可能足夠模擬陽光的輻射。以下十以下由于光化性引起的反應(yīng)。

a. Fading of paints.油漆褪色

b. Deterioration of natural and synthetic elastomers and polymers through photochemical reactions initiated by shorter wavelength radiation.

短波輻射引起的天然或人工橡膠或合成體的光化學(xué)反應(yīng)

2.2 Sequence 順序

The solar radiation test may be applied at any stage in the test program.

光照測試可在測試程序的任何階段進行

2.3 Choice of Test Procedure 測試過程選擇

2.3.1 Heat Effects - Procedure I 熱影響-過程1

This procedure is primarily used to determine realistic response temperature cycles when the material is expected to withstand the heat of exposure in the open in hot climates and still be able to perform without degradation both during and after exposure. The solar radiation test should be used when the material could be affected by differential heating or when the heating caused by solar radiation is unknown. After the induced temperatures have been determined, the high temperature test could (for economic reasons and if actinic effects are not important) be substituted for this solar radiation procedure. Cycling test will be performed for heat effects.

這個過程主要用來測量當(dāng)材料暴露在期望的熱環(huán)境中，在所能忍受的變化范圍內(nèi)，在暴露中和暴露后的實際的溫度變化曲線。當(dāng)不同的熱源或者陽光會影響材料，那么應(yīng)該開展光照輻射測試。在確定測試環(huán)境溫度之后，最高溫度測試（由于經(jīng)濟上的顧慮）應(yīng)被替換。周期測試會引起熱反應(yīng)。

2.3.2 Actinic Effects - Procedure II 光化學(xué)影響-過程2

This procedure is used when the principal concern is the possible that long periods of exposure to sunshine will result in detrimental actinic effects. Because actinic effects do not usually occur unless the exposure is prolonged, it is inefficient to use the cycling test of procedure I, which could conceivably take months to conduct. The approach, therefore, is to use an accelerated test that is designed to reduce the time to reproduce integrated effects of long periods of exposure. The key to using this procedure successfully is maintaining enough cooling air to prevent the test item from exceeding temperatures that would be attained under natural conditions, so that there will not be an exaggerated test which unfairly penalizes the test item. However, there should not be enough cooling air to produce unrealistic cooling. Since the actinic effects are highly dependent upon the solar radiation spectrum (as well as intensity and duration), the spectrum must be as close as possible to that of natural sunlight.

在陽光下長時間暴露會引起有害的光化學(xué)反應(yīng)，此項流程就是基于這個原理。由于除非光照時間延長，這些有害后果才能顯露出來，所以僅僅使用過程1并不足夠（因為過程1會花掉幾個月時間）。

這種方法，使用加速測試來重現(xiàn)，原來需要長時間暴露來顯現(xiàn)的綜合效果。使用此方法的關(guān)鍵在于保證足夠的冷卻空氣，來避免測試對象超過了日常自然運行的溫度。所以不能有會影響測試對象的過分的測試，但是同樣不能過度降溫。因為有害效果非常依賴陽光輻射頻譜，這個頻譜應(yīng)該盡量接近于自然光的頻譜。

2.4 Test Profile 試驗概況

Having chose the test procedure, it is necessary to choose the cycle, test duration, test item configuration, relative humidity and any additional appropriate conditions.

a. Procedure I - Cycling for heat effects 過程1-熱影響循環(huán)

High temperature diurnal cycles are provided in Table 306-1 and Figure 306-1 with the solar radiation conditions. The cycle has a peak temperature of 49 °C (120 °F) and 1120 W/m² and represents the hottest conditions (Ref. 1 p.505.4-14).

在陽光輻射條件下，表306-1和圖306-1提供了高溫日周期循環(huán)。循環(huán)有一個溫度峰值49度和1120W/ m² ，而且表達了最熱的溫度

Test duration: 10 24-hour cycles. 試驗持續(xù)時間：10 24-小時循環(huán)

TABLE 306-1 Temperature/Solar Radiation Diurnal Cycles

溫度/光照每日循環(huán)情況

Figure 306-1 Simulated solar radiation cycle.

模擬陽光輻射周期

b. Procedure II - Steady state for prolonged actinic effects

過程2-穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下延長的光化學(xué)反應(yīng)

Procedure II will give an acceleration factor of approximately 2.5 as far as the total energy received by the test item is concerned. Eight hour of exposure to 1120 w/m² , as in the steady – state test, is equal to 24 hours of cycling test (20 hours of light and 4 hours of no light per cycles). A duration of ten 24-hour cycles is suggested for equipment which is occasionally used outdoors, such as portable test items, etc. For equipment continuously exposed to outdoor conditions, a testing duration of 56 cycles or longer is suggested.

過程2將實施一個大約測試對象所接受總能量2.5倍的加速因素。在穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下，在1120 w/m² 密度下暴曬8小時等同于普通24小時的一天（20小時光照、4小時非光照）。我們建議對于移動設(shè)備作10個24小時周期測試。對于長期暴露在室外的設(shè)備，我們要求進行56個周期。

Increasing the irradiant above the specified level is not recommended because of the danger of overheating, and there is presently no indication that attempting to accelerate the test in this way gives results that correlate with equipment response under natural solar radiation conditions.

處于過熱引起的危險，并不建議對測試對象施加過強的光照。過強光照對設(shè)備引起的反應(yīng)同自然界的陽光輻射并沒有關(guān)聯(lián)。

c. Configuration. 樣品狀態(tài)

The test item configuration should be the same as its configuration during deployment exposure to solar radiation. The orientation of the test item relative to the direction of radiation will have a significant impact on the heating effects.

測試樣品的外形應(yīng)與其實際使用時相同，在熱影響試驗時，樣品放置方法與光照在樣品上的方向的聯(lián)系十分重要。

2.5 General Procedures 一般過程

2.5.1 Procedure I - Cycling for heat effects 過程1—熱效應(yīng)的循環(huán)

Step 1. Bring the air temperature in the enclosure to the minimum value of the temperature cycle at which radiation is non-existent.

步驟1 將空氣溫度設(shè)定在循環(huán)中無日照時最低溫度。

Step 2. If necessary, create the initial relative humidity conditions specified by the test plan.

步驟2 如果需要，創(chuàng)造一個測試計劃所指定的初始相對濕度條件。

Step 3. Conduct the required number of cycles during which temperature and solar radiation levels are changed in accordance with the schedule follows.

步驟3 按照需要施加一定數(shù)量的循環(huán)，光照和溫度都依據(jù)周期循環(huán)變化。

Step 4. Perform the operational checks on the test item at the times called for the test plan.

步驟4 根據(jù)測試計劃，對測試對象經(jīng)常性的進行運行性的檢查

Step 5. At the end of the last cycle, allow the chamber to return to standard ambient conditions.

步驟5 在最后一個循環(huán)中，允許測試溫度最終趨近于環(huán)境溫度

Step 6. Allow the test item to return to thermal equilibrium.

步驟6 允許測試對象回歸到熱平衡

Step 7. Visually examine the test item to the extent practicable.

步驟7 視覺上檢查測試對象是否可用

2.5.2 Procedure II - Steady state for prolonged actinic effects

過程2，有害后果被延長后的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)

Step 1. Bring the temperature in the enclosure up to the value specified in the test plan.

步驟1 將溫度設(shè)定為測試計劃指定的值

Step 2. Adjust the solar radiation value to the value specified in the test plan.

步驟 2 將光照調(diào)整至測試計劃中指定的值

Step 3. Maintain these conditions for 20 hours.

步驟 3 保持這種條件20個小時

Step 4. Stop the radiation for 4 hours while maintaining the temperature in the enclosure at the specified level.

步驟 4 暫停日照4小時，但是仍然保留溫度條件

Step 5. Repeat step 2 to 4 for the number of cycles specified in the test plan.

步驟 5 重復(fù)步驟2-4，實施多個循環(huán)

Step 6. If applicable, perform operational tests on the test item at the times called for in the test plan.

步驟 6 如果可行，按照測試計劃，經(jīng)常性地運行測試對象

2.6 Failure Analysis

失效分析

a. Procedure I. At peak temperature and after return to standard ambient conditions, the performance characteristics of the test item will not be altered to the extent that the test item does not meet its requirements. Actinic effects that do not affect performance, durability, or required characteristics will be recorded as observations only.

a. 過程1。在峰值溫度時和回歸標準溫度之后，測試對象的運行表現(xiàn)并不能達到表現(xiàn)。需要把不影響運行表現(xiàn)、壽命以及性能的光化學(xué)效果記錄下來。

b. Procedure II. The performance and characteristics (such as color or other surface conditions) of the test item will not be altered to the extent that the test item does not meet requirements. All actinic effects, regardless of whether or not they affect performance, durability, or required characteristics, will be recorded.

b. 過程2。測試對象的運行表現(xiàn)和運行性能并不會嚴重到不能滿足要求。無論他們是否影響性能表現(xiàn)，所有光化學(xué)影響都應(yīng)被記錄下來。

3. APPARATUS 儀器

3.1 Test Facility 試驗設(shè)備

a. The required facility consists of a chamber or cabinet, auxiliary instrumentation, and a solar lamp bank. This apparatus must be capable of maintaining and monitoring required conditions of temperature, airflow and irradiation.

A. 要求的測試設(shè)備包括一個環(huán)境室、輔助設(shè)備和一個日光燈庫。這個設(shè)備應(yīng)該能夠保持并且堅實所需要的溫度條件，氣流條件和輻射條件。

b. The rate of airflow should be as low as possible consistent with achieving satisfactory control of temperature. An airflow of as little as 1m/s can cause a reduction in temperature rise of over 20 percent. The air velocity shall be maintained between 0.25 and 1.5 m/s (50 to 300 ft/min).

B, 空氣流通的程度應(yīng)盡可能的降低，以便滿足對溫度的控制。一般來講低于1m/s,此時能降低升溫20個百分點?？諝饬魉賾?yīng)保持在0.25m/s到1.5m/s間。

c. The volume of the test chamber shall be a minimum of 10 times that of the envelope volume of the test item. The solar radiation source area shall be such that the length and width of the test item shall be no more than one-half the same dimensions of the lamp bank.

c. 環(huán)境室的容積應(yīng)至少大于測試對象10倍大小。光照地區(qū)的面積應(yīng)該至少等于測試對象的尺寸的一半。

d. The irradiant shall have a maximum intensity of 1120 W/m2 (±10%), and the radiation on the test item shall be uniform to within ±10% of the desired value, with the spectral distribution given in table 306-2. Where thermal effects only are to be assessed, deviation from this spectral distribution is permitted, but the irradiant must be adjusted to give an equivalent heating effect. In order to calculate this adjustment, it is necessary to know:

d．光照的密度最大應(yīng)達到1120 W/m2 (±10%),而且浮動不能超過百分之十。光照的頻譜分布應(yīng)該按照表306-2。如果僅僅測量熱力影響，那么并不要求嚴格按照光譜的分布。但是光照幅度必須調(diào)整到相同水平的熱力影響，要求了解和計算如何調(diào)整。

1) The spectral reflectance or transmittance of the irradiated surfaces, and

1）光譜反射。。。。。。。。（原文不全）

2) The spectral energy distribution of the particular lamps being used (and also the effect of any associated reflectors or glasses). The radiation shall be directed onto the test item and shall irradiate the entire surface of the test item facing the solar radiation source. The value of 1120 W/m2 shall include any radiation reflected from the test chamber walls and received by the test item, but it should not include long-wave infrared radiation emitted by the chamber walls. The radiation measuring device shall be calibrated in the wavelength range of the test source radiation.

2） 特殊燈泡的頻譜能量分布。日照輻射應(yīng)直接地對測試對象面向光源的所有部分進行照射。1120W/m2所表達的光照密度應(yīng)包括了測試對象接受的密度，包括了測試房間墻產(chǎn)生的光照，但是不能包括由于反射引起的長波輻射。輻射測量儀應(yīng)能在測試波長范圍內(nèi)被校整。

e. The radiation source shall be located at least 76 cm (30 inches) away from any other surface of the test item.

e.輻射源距離測試對象的表面至少應(yīng)為76厘米，即30英寸。

3.2 Light Source 光源

a. Tests conducted for degradation and deterioration of materials due to actinic effects, as well as heat buildup within the test items, must satisfy the full spectrum of Table 306-2 (Ref. 505.4-8) and may use one of the following acceptable radiation sources:

a. 對于引起材料降級和毀壞的測試，應(yīng)滿足表306-2的光譜全部。而且應(yīng)使用以下可以接受的輻射源：

TABLE 306-2 Spectral Energy Distribution and Permitted Tolerance.

光譜能量分布與允許誤差

Note: The amount of radiation wavelength shorter than 0.30 mm is insignificant.

注釋:輻射波長短于0.30um的光能量可以忽略

1) Xenon arc or mercury xenon arc (used singularly) with suitable reflector.

1）帶有合適反光裝置的氙氣弧光燈或者水銀氙氣弧光燈

2) Combination of high-pressure sodium vapor and improved mercury vapor with suitable reflectors.

2）帶有合適反光裝置的高壓鈉氣和改良過的水銀汽混合物

3) High-intensity multi-vapor, mercury vapor (with suitable reflectors), and incandescent lamps.

3）高密度、多氣體、汞氣體(合適的反光裝置),白織燈。

4) Carbon arc lamps with suitable reflectors.

4）有合適反光裝置的碳素弧光燈

b. Tests in which it is not sought to reproduce the sun’s spectrum may use the appropriate lamps from:

b.在并不需要重現(xiàn)陽光頻譜的測試中，可以選擇以下合適的燈：

1) Mercury vapor lamps (internal reflector type only).

1）汞蒸汽燈（僅有內(nèi)部的反射裝置）

2) Combination of incandescent spot lamps and tubular-type mercury vapor lamps with external reflectors.

2）白織聚光燈和帶有外部反射裝置的管型汞氣燈，兩者的組合。

3) Combination of incandescent spot lamps and mercury vapor lamps with internal reflectors.

3）白織聚光燈和帶有內(nèi)部反射裝置的汞氣燈兩者的組合

4) Metal halide

4）金屬鹵化物

5) Mercury xenon arc lamps with suitable reflectors.

5）水銀氙氣弧光燈，帶有合適的反射裝置

6) Multi-vapor (clear or coated bulb) with suitable reflectors.

6）帶有合適反射裝置的多氣體的燈

7) Tungsten filament lamps.

7）鎢絲燈

3.3 Control 控制

a. Temperature. The chamber air temperature shall be maintained in accordance with General Guidance and Requirement, and measured at a point or points in a horizontal plane 0 to 50mm below the prescribed irradiation plane, at half the distance between the test item and the wall of the chamber or at 1 m from the test item, whichever is smaller.

a. 溫度 根據(jù)總指南和要求，測試室的溫度需要保持一定值。而且應(yīng)該在以下幾處測量：在輻射平面一下0到50毫米處一點或者多點，在測試對象和測試室墻的一半處，距離測試對象一米處。

b. Surface contamination. Dust and other surface contamination may significantly change the absorption characteristics of irradiated surfaces. Unless otherwise required, specimens should be clean when they are tested. However, if effects of surface contamination are to be assessed, the relevant specification should include the necessary information on preparation of surfaces.

b. 表面污染 塵埃和其他表面污染物能顯著的影響輻射表面的吸收性能。除非特別指明，一般樣本表面在測試時需要保持清潔。但是，如果需要衡量表面污染物帶來的影響，那么相關(guān)的說明應(yīng)在準備表面時指出。

c. Instrumentation Use a pyranometer, pyrheliometer or other device to measure the total radiated energy imposed on the test item. Use a pyranometer with suitable filters or a spectroradiometer to measure the spectral distribution of the radiation imposed on the test item. Refer to the table below for the required measurement accuracy of these commonly used instruments. For a pyrometer, the following applies:

c. 使用儀器 使用日射強度計、太陽熱量計或其他儀器來測量施加在測試對象上的所有輻射能量。配合合適的過濾器使用日射強度計或者分光輻射度計來測量施加在測量對象上的頻譜分布。參考下表，來獲取經(jīng)常使用儀器的精確程度。

· Spectral Range: 280 - 2,500 (better 3,000) nm

·

· Directional Error: < ± 1%

· Non linearity : < 1.5%

· Tile effect (use at tilted surfaces) : > 1.5%

· Operating temperature : -40 °C to +80°C

· Temperature dependence of sensitivity : ± 2% (-10°C to +40°C)

Table 306-3. Instrument Accuracy.